Nothing But The Truth: Would you have revealed the source? Why?

While I would hope that I would not have revealed the source as well, I'm honestly not sure if could with all of the legal and family pressures. For journalists, your livelihood relies on your ability to maintain a good reputation by following an ethical journalist code. For example, when a source tells you something in confidence, then you must assure them that their identity will remain secret. Otherwise, it would damage your career due to the fact no one will trust you again.

 However, in Rachael Armstrong's case, the way she obtained her information to begin with was slightly unethical. Since her initial source was a child and the information would dramatically effect the little girl's family, Rachael Armstrong should have done everything to ensure that it would not be necessary to trace it back to her. She should have been honest with her editors and even the girl's mother to avoid the events that occurred. 

The Changes in Mass Comm: What does the future of mass communication hold?

In our current society, mass communication impacts every area of our lives. Moreover, it's function includes entertaining, informing, and connecting us. Throughout the years, mediums of mass communication continue to evolve and change. From the time I was born in 1984 to the present, so many developments have been made in technology that has revolutionized communication. I can remember when only a handful of people actually owned computers, like the Commodore 64. In addition, they were not the powerful and limitless machines of today, but instead large, bulky boxes that could only perform a handful of useful functions. Now, they connect us to the world and affect daily personal and work lives on a daily basis. Similarly, cellphones are morphing into mini portable computers. As a result, in the next several years, I think the mass communication industry will focus on cellphone development in order to become the dominant medium. It will probably replace many of current electronics. Furthermore, it will function as our television, phone, internet, and computer all rolled into one tiny package. 

The Auteur Theory: Which communication theory is the most intriguing to you and why?

In the book, Essentials of Mass Communication Theory, I found the Auteur Theory to be the most interesting. The theory refers to a film director's body of work and their recognizable style in their movies. According to the text, “directors impose their personalities, their aesthetic sensibilities, their values and beliefs, on every aspect of their films” (Berger 160). In other words, a director's particular style can be seen in all of their films' themes and visual aspects. While films are meant to be entertaining, the director is also trying to communicate their message.

I chose this communication theory due to the fact that I love movies and actually had the dream to be a film director at one time. My hero and absolute favorite film director is David Lynch.He has created such memorable films as Blue Velvet, The Elephant Man, and Wild at Heart. Additionally, he also created the cult television show, Twin Peaks. In regards to the theory, his films all convey his recognizable artistic vision. According to the imdb.com, some of his trademarks include, “examining the dark side of American suburbia, low/middle frequency noise, dark and rotting environments, distorted characters, a polarized world, and constant references to dreams as a way of connecting the plot and twists, and surrealism” (http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000186/bio). 

Free Speech: Why is The New York Times v. Sullivan such a precedent setting case for the American media?

In 1964, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that in the mass media, “public officials in a libel case must prove actual malice” (Biagi 306). This ruling was determined in the case of The New York Times v. Sullivan in which The Committee to Defend Martin Luther King Jr.'s New York Times Advertisement. Although he was not mentioned by name, L.B. Sullivan, the commissioner in Montgomery that was involved in the case, felt that the ad was directed towards him. As a result, he sued the newspaper for libel. In the first case, Sullivan won. However, the Times appealed to the Supreme Court which found that some of the information in the ad was misleading, that it was not a , “deliberately lie”, which would prove actual malice (307).

This case protects all areas of American mass media from being sued by everyone that they write a negative story about just as long as it is the truth. For example, it protects whistleblowers, like Woodward and Bernstein, and allows for the media to report on controversial stories without fear of prosecution. Additionally, thanks to this ruling, magazines, like Star, and television shows, like TMZ, are free to discuss the details of the crazy lives of celebrities, just as long as there is some basis to the story.  

Learning from the Past: Explain how the quiz show scandals affected CBS and how you purpose to get out of this mess.

If I was in was in the president of CBS,Robert Kintner's shoes during the quiz show scandal, I would have followed the public relations motto that we discussed in class: mess up, fess up, and dress up. I perhaps would have has a press conference. Since honesty is the best policy, I would not only tell the truth, but also ask forgiveness from the audience. Like in Charles Van Doren's testimony, I would state that this incident was a lesson in mass communication ethics and trust. Additionally, in order to make amends, I would donate money to an educational charity that contributes to scholarships. Finally, I would assure the public that this would never happen again.

However, I can understand why he felt it was necessary to distance himself and deny knowledge of the scandal. The observation made by the Gertitol executive, played by Martin Scorsese, still holds true today when he said that the public has a short term memory, but corporations remember. Although, if I was unethical and corrupt, I would have denied all knowledge of the question rigging and found some fall guys too. 

Mad Men: What is the role of the creative artist in mass media?

While the term, artist, can be given quite a broad definition, it is usually given to someone that uses their creative talents in professional or private life. A creative artist in mass media produces an product that will be viewed by a large artist. As a result, the artist, especially if it is for a certain employer or job, must be creative and innovative, but maintain the company's vision. Therefore, creative artists that work professionally in mass media are given limitations and do not have artistic freedom. Therefore, it is up to the professional creative artist to adhere to the company's image.

For example, I love AMC's show, Mad Men, which takes centers around an advertising agency in the 1960s. The agency's goal is to land accounts for large companies and then design their advertising campaigns. The main character, Don Draper, is one of the top advertising executives due to his ability to come up with brilliant campaigns that attract the attention of audience while sticking to the company's overall vision. On quite a few of the episodes, Don gets frustrated due to the fact that the campaign that he created will work, but the company is not impressed and decides to go in a different direction with disastrous results. 

All The President's Men Vs Shattered Glass: Why do journalists embrace the belief that confidential sources should be protected? Do you agree?

On occasion, journalists have the task of exposing story that may be scandalous, controversial, or even dangerous. While it is important to reveal sources whenever available in order to add credibility to the story, it is not always possible or safe. Therefore, many sources for such cases will only talk to journalist as long as their identity is not revealed to either ensure safety or privacy.

 For example, in the film, All The President's Men, Woodward and Bernstein spoke to several sources, like Deep Throat and Sloan's bookkeeper, that would have risked their jobs or even their lives if their true identities were known. However, the information that they gave The Washington Post reporters were essential to reveal the Watergate scandal. They needed to be assured that their names would be kept secret before they told what they knew about the President, the most powerful man in the country. Without a doubt, I think that journalists should keep certain sources confidential. 

On the other hand, those reporters should not abuse the trust of their readers or publication by lying about sources, like Stephen Glass as portrayed in Shattered Glass. Importantly, journalist should understand that they have an ethical responsibility. 

Reality Vs Perception: What is the difference between perception and reality and what is the impact on mass communication?

Although perception and reality can be considered similar states, there are several key distinctions. Reality can be described as, “something that exists independently of all other things and from which all other things derive”(www.dictionary.com). In other words, reality is the way things actually are without any room for interpretation.

On the other hand, perception is , “the process by which an organism detects and interprets information from the external world by means of the sensory receptors” (www.dictionary). Essentially this means that perception is determined by each individual's background and level of comprehension.

Reality and perception both are crucial elements in mass communication. Even though the mass communication product is a set group of images, the products are subject to each individual's perception. People of different ages, ethnicities, and social groups all interpret messages differently. For example, some kids may believe everything they see on television is real, but adults know that is not necessarily the case. They understand that it is special effects, make-up, or anything other kind of technique. Therefore, mass media is geared towards specific audiences.

Works Cited

"Perception." Dictionary.com. Dictionary.com, n.d. Web. 17 Sept. 2012. <http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/perception?s=t>.

"Reality." Dictionary.com. Dictionary.com, n.d. Web. 17 Sept. 2012. <http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/reality?s=t>. 

Rosie and Uncle Sam: Explain how the office of War Information contributed to positive public relations for WWII.

The War Information influenced the American public's opinion in order to create positive public relations for World War II. In fact, the Government understood the importance of persuading the American people that they hired public relation professionals to create campaigns using all forms of mass communication that was available at the time. 

Such mediums as posters, newsreels, and photographs helped contribute to the image that the American government wanted to instill in the public to help win the war. Some of the more famous campaigns created the iconic images of Rosie the Riveter and Uncle Sam Wants You. 

According to the National World War II museum's website, the purpose of these campaigns included, “recruitment, financing the war effort, unifying the public behind the war effort and eliminating dissent of all kinds, resource conservation, and factory production of war materials. The most common themes found in the posters were the consequences of careless talk, conservation, civil defense, war bonds, victory gardens,“women power”, and anti-German and Japanese scenarios” (http://www.nationalww2museum.org/). These images played on sympathy, fear, and patriotism to influence the public.

Works Cited

"The Propaganda Posters of WWII." The National World War II Museum. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Sept. 2012. <http://www.nationalww2museum.org/learn/education/for-students/ww2-history/at-a-glance/propaganda-posters-of-ww2.pdf>.

"Of Course There is a War, I'm Watching it on Television": What does the film teach us about techniques of propaganda as a public relations tool?

The film Wag the Dog is a comical, yet frighteningly accurate, portrayal of the use of propaganda in the political system. In the film, Robert De Niro is a public relations expert for the White House that enlists a Hollywood producer, portrayed brilliantly by Dustin Hoffman, to help the current president win the election following an immigration and sex scandal. The film shows how easy it is to manipulate the American public with mass media. Both De Niro and Hoffman's characters understands the way to use fear, patriotism, and sympathy to sway the audience. In order to appeal to the public, they use a combination of underhanded public relations campaigns on television and radio.

First, they create a fake war scene with an Albanian girl with a white, not calico, cat. They made such to tweak the image of the girl to make it has sympathetic as possible as well as to outrage the public. Next, they used images of a fake war hero to divert the audiences's attention away from the scandal and instill positive feeling about the president. De Niro and Hoffman used a team of PR experts to come up with an effective propaganda campaign that included sympathetic images, played on patriotism, and even had a theme song as well as a slogan. In the end, the unethical propaganda worked because the American public is gullible and believes anything as long as it is in a neat package.

Texting, Social media, and the Evolving Use of the Cellphone: In your opinion what were the three most important developments in communication history?

Over the years, many different forms of mass communication has allowed people to connect to one another. While it is difficult to determine which developments are the most historically significant, I think that the texting, social media, the evolving use of the cellphone has played an important role in communication during my lifetime.

Even though I prefer to actually talk on the telephone instead of type, texting has changed the way we communicate with our family and friends. I can't tell you just how many people I try to call and get no answer, however, as soon as I text them, they respond. It is almost like texting is replacing actual conversations over the telephone. In fact, texting has become the primary way many people talk to each other, especially the younger generations.

In addition to texting, social media is a critical development in communication. Similar to texting, social media is also replacing face-to-face interactions. Facebook has almost given people the ability to connect to anyone at the click of screen. Along with keeping in touch with family and friends, social media has changed the way employers and applicants find each other.

Cellphones and their evolving use has probably been the most significant development in communication in my lifetime. It has allowed us to be in contact at all times, makes texting possible, social media accessible anywhere. Cellphones have come a long way since their invention. When I was in high school, only a handful of kids had cellphones. Nowadays, it is rare to find a kid that doesn't have one glued to their hand. 

Entertainment and Play, Surveillance, and Cultural Continuity: Review three functions of mass communication as discussed in the text. Do you agree?

While many people have different views the purpose of mass communication, the text describes five theories. According to Essentials of Mass Communication Theory, three functions of mass communication includes entertainment and play, surveillance, and cultural continuity.

The first function of mass communication is entertainment and play which refers to the assumption that while the media can be informative, it is more importantly an amusing way to pass the time. For example, William Stephenson, author of The Play Theory of Mass Communication, argues that, “at it is best mass communication allows people to become absorbed in subjective play” (Berger 122). I think that it depends on the medium and content of the mass communication to determine its function. For example, newspapers keep people update to date on important issues, but certain stories or sections, like the lifestyle section, are geared to be more fun.

The second function discusses how mass communication serves as a form of surveillance in which individuals use mass communication to stay informed about what is going in their culture. In other words, this theory states that people use the media to stay current on events. I think that this is extremely true. No one what to be uninformed about what going on in their community and the world.

The third function function reviews how mass communication serves as cultural continuity which dictates the content and direction of popular culture. Moreover, it reviews that influence that the media has on our society. I think that mass communication has played a huge part in shaping what people think, they way they dress, and what they do. 

Marketing in America: How has the culture of marketing come to shape the way Americans's understand the world and themselves?

Our American society is bombarded by advertisements in every form of mass media. From the time we wake up in the morning until we go to bed, marketers are reaching out to us with with ads and campaigns. In fact, ads have not only permeated every form of communication, but they also transformed culture and influenced many of our everyday decisions.

Media has become a centerpiece of our society and without it America's cultural identity would not be the same. Unfortunately, when other cultures think of America, they probably associate us with companies like McDonald's and Wal-Mart.

While it is marketing purpose to the attention of public and influence their buying decisions, it has also changed culture itself. The fashion industry is a prime example of the power of marketing has over people. By setting trends and using marketing campaigns on television, magazines, the internet, and films, they have influenced style and the way we dress. 

Advertising Pros and Cons: What are the three main arguments given by advertising's critics and by its supporters?

In the textbook, chapter ten of Media/Impact discusses advertising in mass media. Throughout the chapter, experts on the subject commented on the industry and its affect on society. One of those experts, Louis Kaufman, author of Essentials of Advertising, found that critics of advertising claim the following: "advertising adds to the cost of products, advertising causes people to buy products they do not need, and advertising reduces competition and thereby fosters monopolies" (Biagi 220).

The first argument is that the overhead cost of advertising in in the different mediums, critics feel that it adds to the cost of products. This makes it unnecessary more expensive for the consumer. On the other hand, advertisers claim by that ads actually create competition which can drive the prices down. I think that business have to get their name out to the public and ads help bring the customers in the door. Therefore, when the business starts to make more money, they are able to pass deals on to their customers and still make a profit.

The second argument is that advertising causes people to buy products they do not need. The most obvious example is the way advertisers market toys to children. However, advertisers say that these ads are nothing more than getting people to try new products. I feel that certain advertisers do try to manipulate people into buying a product, but it is ultimately up to the individual to decide what they need and can afford.

The third argument is that advertising reduces competition and thereby fosters monopolies. Critics claim that only companies that can afford to advertise how an unfair advantage. Moreover, they claim that this limits the amount of competition. The counterpoint of this argument is that ad campaigns are just part of introducing the product to the public. I think that ads are essential to promoting a product. If a company has more money to spend on a campaign, it does not guarantee that it will strike a chord with the audience. 

The Audiences' Interpretation: Do audience members have the power to subvert messages brought to them by the mass media?

Just like any message a sender delivers to a receiver through a medium, mass media can be misinterpreted or distorted. When viewing, reading, or listening to a mass media message, every single audience member interprets the information differently. This confusion or difference of comprehension is also known as aberrant decoding, which means, "individuals generally do not code texts in the ways that those who create them want them decode, because people bring different educational levels, backgrounds, interests, and so on to each text" (Berger 106).

In other words, movies, music, and other forms of mass media all mean different things to different people. For example, the controversial film Natural Born Killers, was condemned by critics for being too violent and even accused of causing real copycat crimes. However, according to Internet Movie Database, director Oliver Stone, "always maintained that the film is a satire on how serial killers are adored by the media for their horrific actions, and that those who claim the violence in the movie itself is a cause of societal violence have missed the point of the movie entirely"(imdb.com). 

Since the majority of mass media is profit based, it attempts to reach and connect with their audience in a way that will be entertaining or informative in order to benefit financially. Therefore, mass media producers target specific audiences and tailor the message towards them to avoid a misunderstanding.This is why rating systems are helpful in determining if certain films or albums are appropriate for certain age groups.

Works Cited

Berger, Arthur Asa. Essentials of Mass Communication Theory. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications,    1995. Print.

"Natural Born Killers." IMDb. IMDb.com, n.d. Web. 30 Aug. 2012. <http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0110632/>.

Simplifying Life and Work: How did the computer make the transition to everyday technology?

According to Communication in History, the combination of microchip technology, personal computers, and accessible information-processing capacities have contributed to the computer's progression (274). In addition, the book also credits, "the rapid proliferation of networks--best typified by the global internet, corporate intranets, and the World Wide Web--permitting an expanding range of administrative uses, research, education, public expression, art, social activity, and commerce" (Crowely 274).

In other words, the evolving use of the computer has started a new media revolution and influences many aspects of everyday life. The computer has transitioned from just being a machine used by the military and large companies to having a place in every home and office. The computer has changed the way society functions and communicates. Moreover, it has seamlessly become a part of our social lives and workplaces due to the tasks that computers have made easier, faster, and more interesting. For my own personal work experience, I know don't going back to an era without computerized cash registers. Every transaction would take twice as long and the inventory count would be inaccurate. In addition, the ability to socialize and connect with people made computers a part of daily life. Through Facebook, I have been able to keep in touch with old friends and family that live in different states throughout the country. For example, my cousin Melissa's husband, Caleb, is in the military and moves constantly. Despite the distance, I have been able to see her children grow up and keep tabs on her life thanks to the computer and the internet. 

Printing Press, Television, and the Internet What three technologies made the greatest impact on mass communication?

While there have many mediums have impacted mass communication, in my opinion, the three technologies that have changed the course of history are the printing press, television, and the internet. First, the printing press made books more available and affordable for all members of society. Influential ideas and thoughts contained in the written word could be mass produced and distributed.

Second, television also impacted the way that mass communication was consumed by the public. Television allowed the media to enter the households throughout the world to inform, entertain, and engage the audience. Instead of going to the theater to see a movie along with a newsreel, television brought the experience home. Now, TV has began a center point in every house and connects with its programming.

The third technology to impact mass communication is the internet. This recent technology continues to change our everyday lives. It gives society access to a wealth of information endless amounts of entertainment, and connects us to millions of people. It is probably one of the most significant inventions of in history. 

Closing the Digital Divide Gap: Explain the concept of the digital divide. Why does the digital divide exist? List and explain three actions by the government, corporations, or individual that would help eliminate the divide.

According to Media Impact, digital divide, "is the term used to describe the lack of access to digital technology among low-income, rural, and minority groups" (Biagi 373). In other words, in today's technology reliant society, those that do not have access are falling behind in the digital curve and suffering the consequences. This divide can be responsible for limiting job opportunities, access to the latest news, and communication with friend, family, and business correspondence.

This divide exists due to the fact that some people cannot afford to buy the expensive equipment and services necessary while others, like seniors, are reluctant to adapt to new technology. However, computers and other forms of digital technology are quickly becoming a necessity for numerous everyday. In the near future, everything will be done online, from paying your bills to shopping. For students, the internet is a now critical part of the homework process. The people that are unable to buy or understand how to use technology will be helpless.

Therefore, several actions are needed to help close the digital divide gap. First, the Government is currently investing money into the FCC's National Broadband Plan which expands the broadband infrastructure nationwide. According to the plan, the broadband internet is, "changing how we educate children, deliver health care, manage energy, ensure public safety, engage government, and access, organize and disseminate knowledge" (broadband.gov). Second, corporations, like Charter and AT&T, need put their greedy motives aside and make the internet affordable more affordable for all households instead of raising prices and even creating monopolies in some area. Third, access to the internet and educational material is needed to help teach how to use the internet effectively. Individuals could donate their time and volunteer in senior centers in order to teach the elderly how to use the internet.

Works Cited

"National Broadband Plan Executive Summary."National Broadband Plan. Federal Communication Commission, n.d. Web. 27 Aug. 2012. <http://www.broadband.gov/plan/executive-summary/>.

Old Timey Internet: Why was the telegraph considered the Victorian internet?

Technology can be used to further the range of communication. According to an article published in an 1852 edition of Scientific American, " no invention of modern times has extended its influence so rapidly as that of the electric telegraph" (Crowley 105). Similar to the internet, the telegraph was an invention that allowed people from all over the world to communicate and connect with each other. When the telegraph came along, the popularity of the medium was immediate and the impact was felt all over the globe. Like the internet, news and events could be transmitted right after they occur. Instead of waiting for the mail or the newspaper, this technology could leak the story to the public instantly. After the potential was realized, the telegraph wires quickly went all over the United States, then throughout other countries. 

Permanent Record: Why is the typed word so powerful? Why is it tempting to misuse this power online? What positive things can social networking sites achieve when used to their full potential?

The typed word is extremely powerful due to the fact that it is permanently recorded. Moreover, unlike a verbal conversation, the typed word can be viewed by more than just the intended audience for long periods of time, especially if it is on the internet. Therefore, written statements can come back to haunt you and even effect your future. For example, some employers are checking their current employees and applicants Facebook pages for comments or pictures that may indicate anything scandalous. However, people continue to post inappropriate statements because they are not aware of all of the ramifications.

In addition, cyber bullying has become a problem over the last several years. It is tempting for some to misuse the power of written word online because it is so easy to post a comment about anything. When someone is angry and rants online, those heat of the moment statements can lead to hurt feelings and trouble later on. It is also easier to say frank or hurtful comments when the intended target is not actually there; people do not see the pain that their words have inflicted.

On the other hand, social networking sites can be used for positive interactions. It is a medium to connect people with friends and family. Also, it can be used to further your career by networking with businesses. 

Unfair Representation: How well and how fairly do you believe African Americans, Latinos, and other ethnic groups are represented in American media?

While the representation of different ethnic groups have progressed over the last several decades in American media, there is still room for improvement. Over the years, depictions of races in mass media have lead to both positive and negative stereotypes. In the early days of mass media, the majority of coverage was only geared towards white people. In addition, the small amount of representation of different ethnic groups other than Caucasian was usually racist and full of prejudice.

For example, according to IMDB.com, the radio program "The Amos n' Andy Show" was the only show about African Americans, but it was outrageously voiced by white actors. Later, the television version of that show was cancelled when, "the NAACP complained of how they believed blacks were being depicted on this show"(www.imdb.com). In the decades to follow, depictions of minorities did increase and became more realistic, balanced, and positive.

However, even today, the media unfortunately still focuses more on covering Caucasians' perspectives. For example, my husband is of Hispanic descent and he commented not too long ago that there are not enough shows starring or featuring minorities. In fact, I can't think of a television show on now starring a Hispanic actor or actress. They are usually only sidekicks or background characters. 

Works Cited

"The Amos 'n Andy Show."IMDb. IMDb.com, n.d. Web. 23 Aug. 2012. <http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0043175/trivia>.

Commercial Amusement: What did the early motion pictures do to change mass communication?

The invention of motion pictures changed the way audience were able to experience entertainment. Films allowed the public to experience the same sights, images, and stories throughout the country. Similar to other mass media mediums, such as the radio and later television, movies gave the public a common bond. In film's early history, the new technology was viewed as, "a commercial amusement" which also included dance halls and penny arcades (Crowley 164). 

Unlike these other venues, this new invention was able to bring a single experience to a mass audience in every part of the world and revolutionized mass communication. Films could be viewed all over so the geographic location didn't matter: movies could be watched by people in both rural and urban areas. 

Unlike theater, movies were an art form that could be repeated in exactly the same manner and could vicariously experience the stories. Therefore, the masses were able to see the exact same performance in numerous areas. Moreover, the movie studios began to understand their audiences, they attempted to appeal to them with certain genre and stars.  

Kids and Older Adults:Which audience age category is most attractive to today's moviemakers? Why?

According to Media/Impact today's movies are geared towards, "children and people over 30" (Biagi 148). While the child demographic made sense to me, I found the fact about older people be a little surprising. I always felt the studios geared movies towards teenagers and younger adults because they typically have more disposable income to spend on going movies. However, I suppose due to the fact that older adults typically make more money later in their careers.

In addition, younger people are probably turning to cheaper sources of entertainment, such as video games and the internet, instead of shelling out $12.00 for one movie. On the other hand, older adults still prefer to go movies to get their cinematic fix. Also a large percentage of them also like to take their children or grandchildren as part of a tradition. Since their audiences are made of these demographics, movie studios are making more films to appeal to these age groups. For example, Pixar is a successful company that turns out a number a family oriented animated 3-D films each year. Parents and grandparents know that the kids will love it and usually the filmmakers attempt to make it enjoyable for the adults as well.

Mr. DeMille, I'm ready for my close-up: The American Film Institute has ranked Sunset Blvd. as one of the 100 best American films of the 20th century, in your opinion why is the film still celebrated today?

Sunset Blvd is not only an excellent film, but also a Hollywood history lesson. The director, Billy Wilder, created an eduring film that continues to intrigue audiences today. In fact, it has some of the most famous lines and characters in film history.

Similar to Singin' in the Rain, Sunset Blvd accurately portrays the fate of many silent film stars after sound revolutionized the movie industry. Suddenly many stars found themselves with no money or jobs thanks to the new invention. While Singin in the Rain in the took a humorous approach to the subject, Sunset Blvd. shows the dark side of Hollywood. In fact, many of the topics discussed in the movie are still part of the industry's seedy underbelly which partly explains the ongoing fascination with the film. Sunset Blvd dealt with enduring topics such as fading youth, greed, fame, and murder. Due to the cutthroat nature of the business, the pursuit of everlasting fame and wealth still leads to tragic circumstances for many people.

In addition, like Norma Desmond, many fading and aging stars still have delusions of grandeur which ultimately leads to their demise. Many former stars can't give up their diva attitudes even though career has faded. Since they do not have a grip on reality, they take extreme measures to stay famous. For example, just look at all lengths that aging celebrity go through just to stay looking young in the hopes of continuing their career. Eventually, many of them end up getting so much plastic surgery that they do not even look human anymore and can't find any roles. Like in the film, our culture is still obsessed with celebrities. Moreover, we also have a fascination with scandals. Lucky for stars of the golden age of Hollywood, TMZ and The National Enquirer didn't exist back then.

Scandals Lead to Change: How did the quiz show scandals of the 1950s affect the relationship between advertisers and networks? Is the relationship between advertisers and networks different or the same today?

The quiz show scandals of the 1950s, such as the one involving Twenty-One, changed the way the networks produce their programs. Before the scandals, networks and advertisers collaborated on their programs' content. At first, this was a mutually beneficial arrangement. This was due to the fact that advertisers could promote their products and networks had programming that brought in viewers as well ad revenue.

However, it was eventually discovered that the quiz shows were rigged in order to draw in a larger audience. The fallout from the scandal led to the public losing trust in both the networks and advertisers. People now realized not everything that the media presented was necessarily undisputed truth. Ultimately, networks are the gatekeepers, it is a business, so their bottom line goal is to make money. However, they have a responsibility to the public and their close relationship with advertisers lead to bias and greed.

Therefore, networks had to separate themselves the advertisers to regain the trust from their audience. Today, advertisers and networks still collaborate, but the programs content is not determined by the advertisers. Now, products are featured, but it is not the focus of the show. For example, on America's Next Top Model, the prize to be featured in a Cover Girl ad campaign, but Cover Girl does not produce the show or determine the content.  

Rating Systems: What was the social impact of TV?

Television has become one of the most important inventions of the last century. It has the ability to connect and inform millions of people. With such a large audience, television programmers have the responsibility to present content that is acceptable to both viewers and sponsors. From the beginning of television's history, networks have attempted to find the delicate balancing act of finding programs that get the audiences attention, but do not cause the sponsors to pull their financial backing. However, television programmers are in the entertainment business to ultimately make money. To help minimize

complaints, networks began to comply with sets of rules and standards. For example, according to Communication in History, after pressure from such organizations as the FCC, Catholic Church, and even congress, networks began to follow the Television Code in 1951 (228).

While both society, standards, and rating criteria have changed significantly on what is acceptable, television still attempts to appease the masses. In my opinion, censorship is not acceptable in any mass communication medium. Everyone has their own opinion of they find offensive. However, if the gatekeepers, such as the television programmers, alert parents and concerned citizens about any material that may be questionable it can prevent any issues. Now with the new television ratings system and new technology, like the V-chip, it allows for parents to make decisions for their own children.

Crowley, David, and Paul Heyer. Communication in History: Technology, Culture, Society. Boston: Ally & Bacon, 2011. Print.

Competition Breeds Innovation: The competition between television manufactures helped produce better, less expensive television sets for the consumers. Compare the competition between television manufacturers during the 1940s and 1950s with computer companies today.

Regardless of the decade, people will always want technology with the best quality at the lowest price. Electronics are the medium that the majority of the public receives their entertainment and news from. They have become an essential part of our everyday lives. Therefore, companies are always trying to come up with the next big thing to gain an edge on their competition. Luckily for consumers, competition also breeds innovation.

In the 1940s and 1950s, families wanted the latest and greatest television to view their favorite programs on. According to the article, "Vintage Televisions", television sets had their largest growth period 1946 through 1955 (www.collectorsweekly). The article went on to state that television manufacturing companies, like RCA, GE, and Zenith dominated the market. The size of the screen and set varied and changed over the years to meet the needs of the consumers and television programmers. New gimmicks and technology helped TV companies. For example, when the networks began producing television shows in color, TV companies began to sell the new technology, and tried to make their product better than their competitors.

Similarly, computer companies and television manufactures both strive to put their products in the homes of the consumers. Now that computers are evolving into the preferred medium, companies are in fierce competition to make the better product. For example, Apple and Microsoft are constantly trying to one up each other. However, Apple is dominating with their superior operating system and innovations such as iTunes.

"Vintage Televisions." Collectors Weekly. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Aug. 2012. <http://www.collectorsweekly.com/radios/televisions>.

Throwing Stones at Giants: What was Edward R. Murrow's style of journalism and what impact did it have on the field journalism?

Similar to Woodward and Bernstein, Edward R. Murrow used the field of journalism to uncover and expose a political atrocity. Like the majority of the country, Murrow knew that Senator Joseph McCarthy exploited the fear of communism to gain political power by essentially conducting witch hunts to weed out the "reds". He took advantage of Americans during the turbulent decade following World War II and used his influence to silence his opponents. In addition, McCarthy also used that power to unjustly persecute anyone that opposed him or his ideals.

However, Murrow was a brave and respected anchorman that used editorial and investigative journalism to bring this injustice to light. While most people were fearful that voicing their opinion on the matter would land them on McCarthy's blacklist, Murrow used his his show "See It Now" to tell the American people just how corrupt and backwards the Senator's policies had become. Murrow's journalistic integrity influenced the field of broadcasting and journalism. He presented a well researched story with reliable sources, stated the facts with limited bias, and was brave enough to cover controversial topics regardless of the impact on his career. He was more concerned with presenting the public with facts, rather than entertainment. Without him blazing the trail, we would not any whistle blowing reporters to uncover scandals. 

Orson Welles' Great Radio Hoax: Would the same panic occur if the War of the Worlds scandal occurred today?

In order to incite the same panic caused by Orson Welles' War of the World in today's society, it would take much more than just one media outlet reporting the event to make it believable. Our culture is so media savvy that the radio hoax would have been discovered within seconds of surfing the web or flipping channels. To convince people nowadays, a story has to be reported by more than one source and the events or aftermath filmed. In other words, with such far fetched story, everyone would want to see it with their own eyes. Furthermore, living in a post 9/11 world, people are much more sensitive to stunts that would cause a panic. If Orson Welles had managed to pull off the same stunt today, people would have been outraged and he probably would have some legal consequences. 

Cutting Out the Middleman: How have recent technologies affected the music recording and performance industry in ways other than file sharing?

Technology has significantly transformed the music industry in both positive and negative ways. First, devices such as iPods have made digital music files the most popular and preferred format. On the bright side, digital music files do not take up any physical space and can store thousands of albums. iPods contains our entire music library and makes it all accessible anywhere. Music can be purchased online instantly. However, this new format has practically made record stores obsolete, which is a loss of not only jobs, but an entire culture. I loved going to places like Vintage Vinyl and talking to the staff about music. In addition, album covers are less important and has become a lost art form. I can't think of any iconic album covers from the past several years. The combination of the internet and digital music has also changed the way bands connect and promote their music. In fact, record companies have become less critical to bands' success due to the fact that new technology has changed how people buy and hear about music. In fact, many new bands have been discovered online instead of a record company. Some musicians are also cutting out the middle man and selling their music directly to their listeners. For example, bands like Radiohead and Nine Inch Nails released their latest albums online for free and asked their fans just to make a donation. 

Radio Days: What impact did radio have on society?

Whereas newspapers and books can only provide dated information, radio allowed news, music, and stories to be shared instantaneously. In the early and golden age of radio, broadcasts were listened to by practically everyone. As a result, radio became a powerful and influential medium in society. Moreover, radio revolutionized the way audiences received their news and entertainment until the invention of the television and later the internet became the preferred mediums. During its heyday, families gathered around the radio to hear their favorite shows and personalities. Along with playing a variety of music, a number of shows that were geared towards specific audiences kept people glued to their radios. For example, shows such as Major Bowes and His Original Amateur Hour developed a following and people tuned in at the same time each week (Crowley 202). It was similar to the popularity of current shows, like American Idol and America's Got Talent. In addition, radio also granted advertisers a new way to reach consumers, politicians a platform to sway voters, and listeners to stay informed with up to the minute news. 

Swaying Opinions:What are the agenda setting and gate-keeping functions of media?

According to Essentials of Mass Communication Theory, agenda setting is, "the theory that institutions of mass communication determine not what we think, but what we think about it. They set the agenda for our decision making and thus influence our social and political lives"(Berger 170). In other words, the specifically chosen content of the mass media affects our opinion on everyday topics. How we perceive the content is determined by how the media presents the content. For example, while all news stations are supposed to be objective in their political opinions, clearly Fox News leans towards the right and CNN leans towards the left. The majority of viewers realize this bias and select their preferred news channel accordingly. However, some viewers can be swayed by the media and instead of gathering the facts, they rely only on what the media chooses to tell them. Along with agenda setting, the gate-keepers are, "the individuals in media organizations who decide what will be shown or written" (Berger 64). In the mass media, the people in charge of the companies or corporations determine what content is presented to the audience. As a result, they have a large responsibility provide the information in an accurate and timely manner, especially in the news media. For example, in the magazine industry, as shown in the film Shattered Glass, the editor has the obligation to the readers that the stories are the truth. 

Stephan Glass was an Excellent Liar and a Horrible Reporter: Why did Stephen Glass do what he did? What ethical flags does it raise for communicators?

Stephen Glass composed articles for New Republic magazine that were entirely fabricated or contained only bits and pieces of the truth. Glass was able to get away with it for so long due to the fact that he was entertaining, charismatic, and a former fact checker that knew how to cover up his lies. The depths he went to cover up his lies was astonishing, like the fake telephone numbers, notes, and websites. Even when he was cornered and confronted, he was not able to fess up and come clean. Along with his fake stories, he was able to create this fake office persona with false modesty, entertaining stories, empty compliments, which made him extremely likable in the workplace. Although he may have had a psychological disorder, he knowingly lied because he wanted attention and praise. He was a pathological liar that was determined to get people to like him, respect his work, and receive a Pulitzer. However, he did not ethics or patience to build a real body of work worthy of the distinguished award. He knew that sensationalized and entertaining stories would garnish him the attention and accolades that he craved. If he would have just worked harder to seek out actual stories instead of cooking his pieces, he would have made an excellent journalist, like Chuck Lane. Glass raised several ethical flags that should have caught by the editors of the New Republic right away since it is a prestigious magazine that influenced policies makers. It is the responsibility of communicators, especially in the news industry, to present the facts of an event accurately and objectively. While he was an excellent liar, there were several warning signs that his editors and colleagues at the New Republic were not able to pick up on due to the fact that they liked him. For example, his first editor, Michael Kelly, was not able to objectively review Glass' work because they were friends. When a couple elements of his story, "Spring Breakdown" did not add up, Kelly only made one phone call that didn't exactly clear With such a exaggerated story being published in the "in flight magazine of Air Force One", he should have looked into it a little further.

Magazines for Everyone: Why do today's magazines target specialized audiences for readership? Give at least three examples of this phenomenon and the reason for each.

Currently, the magazine industry attempts to produce content for specific audiences in order to appeal to a niche market and increase their profits. There is a magazine for every type of hobby, interest, and lifestyle. Each of those specialized magazines also gives companies an opportunity to connect and advertise to their merchandise to their intended market. For example, if you read Cat Fancy, there will advertisements of products, like litter boxes and toys, throughout the magazine. Personally, while I love cats, I tend to read more entertainment magazines, like Entertainment Weekly and People, but I like to branch out occasionally and pick up something like Newsweek to stay informed about current events. Three examples of magazines geared toward specific readerships include Vogue, Cosmopolitan, and

Better Homes and Gardens. First, Vogue is geared towards fashionable affluent women. Even though I can't afford the majority of the merchandise featured in the magazine, I love to flip through Vogue and get fashion ideas. Next, Cosmopolitan appeals to women with their fashion tips and relationship advice.

Finally, Better Homes and Gardens, interest homeowners that are concerned with trends and updates for their home. 

A Picture is Worth a Thousand Words:How did photography impact communication history?

The invention of photography changed communication history due to the fact that now everyone view events with their own eyes instead of relying on illustrations or written descriptions. Major historical events could be shared through photographs and be viewed by future generations that would not have gotten the opportunity with this invention. Moreover, photography allows for situations to be visually recorded and experienced by the masses. As a result, technology used in the mass media, like photography, can influence and revolutionize the way people communicate with each other. For instance, photojournalism changed the way papers report the news to the public. Photography was first introduced in the 1800s and was eventually utilized by the newspaper industry. Now readers actually could see a picture of the event or person while reading the corresponding article. Later, other areas of mass media, like advertising and magazines, have been able to use photography to their advantage as well. 

Previewing Content: How can cognitive dissonance help you as a communicator?

According to The Essentials of Mass Communication Theory cognitive dissonance is, "the psychological conflict that results within a person when he or she holds clashing beliefs or or when his or her actions and beliefs are opposed to each other." (Berger 171). For communicators working in the mass media industry, cognitive dissonance can actually be helpful. This is due to the fact that consumers will not want to seek out content that already know will offend their sensibilities. In other words, if you already know a certain subject is not your cup of tea, you will not seek it out, be shock by the content, and then write an angry letter which is fortunate for mass media communicators.Therefore, if communicators provide brief descriptions of the content, people can decide if it will either appeal to them or potentially anger them. For example, movie trailers help allow the audience learn what a film about and then they can decide if it sounds like something they would be interested in seeing. If someone doesn't like horror movies, chances are that they will not go see the next Resident Evil movie and be outraged by the content. Since it is general knowledge that those films are pretty violent and gory, viewers know what they are getting into when they enter the theater.

Berger, Arthur Asa. Essentials of Mass Communication Theory. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, 1995. Print.

Woodward and Bernstein's Methods were Justified: Why do you believe citizen participation in investigation and giving all the information about the President election's financial resources to reporters is so important? Is it worth doing so?

Election campaign financing should be transparent. Politicians should listen to their constituents and not be swayed lobbyist agendas. Keeping track of where campaign funds are coming from is one way to ensure that politicians are not being bought by corporations or special interest groups. In the case of the Watergate scandal, campaign funds were used to commit and attempt to conceal a crime. If it was not for Bob Woodward, Carl Bernstein, and The Washington Post, it is very likely that the truth behind the Watergate incident would have never been reveled to the public and the and the guilty members of the Nixon administration would have gone unpunished. While all their methods were not entirely ethical, they were forced to use such tactics to uncover the truth. Woodward and Bernstein did not uncover the truth alone, they had to rely on employees that were brave enough to revel the truth. It was several employees, such as Deep Throat, the finance bookkeeper, and Hugh Sloane, that were willing to voice what they knew and get involved with citizen participation.They all had a lot to lose, but their conscience wouldn't let those in the Nixon administration to abuse their power. For example, the bookkeeper for the financial director knew her job was on the line and there would be serious repercussions if it was discovered that she was the one who leaked information. She would not only lose her job, but her life could have possibly been in danger. In addition,, Hugh Sloane and his pregnant wife were willing to walk away from a high profile job with a large paycheck due to the fact they couldn't bear the guilt of knowing what his employers were capable of doing to keep their party in power. If more citizens were willing to stand up for what is right, there would be less corruption in the world. 

Cultural Differences: Why do we need to take intercultural communication into consideration as communicators?

According to Education.com, intercultural communication is, "verbal and nonverbal communication among people of different cultures". Every culture has their own set of norms and messages may not translate the same way. Religion, economics, and political factors are are a fraction of what contributes to what makes to making each culture unique. Language as well as societal differences present barriers that can be difficult to overcome. The internet and technology has made global communication possible. As a result, for communicators in any industry, workplace, or social setting, it is crucial to keep intercultural communication factors in mind while presenting content. How different cultures interpret a message could lead to miscommunication, awkward situations, and hurt feelings. Therefore, in order to be sensitive to other cultures, it is important to acknowledge the audience's background.

One example of of why intercultural communication needs to be taken into consideration is each cultures' sense of humor varies. What's considered funny in one part of the world may be offensive in another. For example, Sheida Hodge,of the Cross-Cultural Division for Berlitz International Inc. pointed out the differences between American and British humor. She said, "Americans, because we are individualistic and confident, tend to do a lot of put-down humor. It's a big deal for the British; they believe it breaks tension, but their sense of comedy is different. They use more irony, which Americans may mistake for sarcasm."(ChinaDaily.com) By being aware of these differences, communicators will be able to effectively communicate with others from around the world.

Works Cited

"Humor Is No Laughing Matter Overseas." China Daily. ChinaDaily.com, 6 Apr. 2004. Web. 27 July 2012. <http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004-04/06/content_321053.htm>.

"Intercultural Communication." Education.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 July 2012. <http://www.education.com/definition/intercultural-communication/>.

How Class System Impacted Print Before the Revolution:How Did the Masses Communicate Before the Print Revolution?

Before the print revolution, ancient societies had to rely on producing each document by hand. It was a tedious skill that only certain members of society could perform. Furthermore, due to the amount of work required to produce each text, books cost a significant amount of money and were reserved for the elite. As a result, only the wealthy and powerful owned books, could read and write, and able to possess the knowledge in contained in the text. So, the rich and powerful organizations, such as the prevalent religions of the day, were able to control the masses by limiting printed information. The lower classes had to communicate with each other through word of mouth, even though their contact with others outside of their class was limited. They were forced to rely on their rulers or religions to inform and educate the overall masses. However, with the invention of movable type, books became more affordable and accessible to all members of society. This invention allowed everyone to communicate to a larger number of people. More ideas, beliefs, and stories could be shared as opposed to just relying on the wealthy for information.  

Publishing Pioneers: Describe the Contributions of Two Early Colonial American Women

In America's early history, newspapers were very influential and powerful medium. This was due to the fact their publication was the only form of mass communication besides books. However, as opposed to books, newspapers could print timely and current information. Therefore, whatever was printed was not only able to reach a large number of people and keep them informed about current events, but also sway their opinion depending on the manner in which the piece was written. As a result, newspaper publishers were powerful considering that they control the information that get printed. Considering that during the time colonial time period women utterly lacked control and power in American society, I found it surprising that several women, like Anna Zenger and Elizabeth Timothy, managed have any kind of role in newspaper publishing. Nevertheless, both women were only able to break in to the industry due to their husbands unfortunate demises. For Anna Zenger, she began working as a publisher for her husband's newspapers, The New York Weekly Journal, after he was arrested for "printing false and seditious writing" (Biagi 54). She must have been a brave a determined woman to continue printing after what to her husband just for writing the truth about a public official. On the other hand, Elizabeth Timothy publishing career began after the death of her husband, the founder of the South Carolina Gazette. She actually wrote her first article under her thirteen-year-old sons' name because she knew it was the only way her work would be respected and taken seriously. Her first article reflected her own struggles as a poor widow with children and the need for help the community. Both women were pioneers in the male-dominated newspaper publication and their efforts should be respected.


Biagi, Shirley. Media/impact: An Introduction to Mass Media. Boston, MA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2010. Print.

Truman Capote and Perry Smith: How has the experience of writing the book change Truman? Has it been a positive or negative change? How do you think it it will affect the rest of his life?

When the film first began, it portrayed Truman Capote as a flamboyant New York literary socialite that would do anything to get a great story. However, by the end of the movie, he was only a shell of his former-self due to the life changing experience of researching and writing his novel, In Cold Blood. After coming across an article about a mass murder of a Kansas family, Capote became obsessed with turing the story into his greatest work. He used manipulative and ruthless tactics to get what he wanted out of people. That behavior eventually caught up with him and negatively impacted his life. His boyfriend Jack had even warned him when he started to get into to deep and said, "Careful what you do to get what you want"(Capote 2005). As he began interviewing the murderers, Truman developed a close relationship with Perry Smith that led to his demise. It was if Truman felt a bond with Smith due to the fact that both had a difficult childhood. If not for his literary talents, Capote realized that he could have ended up like Smith and was quoted as saying, "It's as if Perry and I grew up in the same house. And one day he stood up and went out the back door, while I went out the front" (Capote 2005).

Since he felt a connection and wanted his story, so he did the bare minimum to appear to help the Perry and Dick in order to gain their trust. He was horrified to learn Perry was the actual killer of the family and it shattered the illusion that he could distance himself while writing the book. However, he needed the executions to make the perfect ending for his book. So when the killers were eventually hung, Capote's guilt and regret caused him to spiral into a deep depression that lasted for the rest of his life. He was able to write his his greatest novel, but at a very high price: he never finished another book and basically drank himself to death.

Works Cited

Capote. Dir. Bennett Miller. Perf. Phillip Seymour Hoffman and Catherine Keener. Sony Picture Classics, 2005. Film.

Homer and The Written Language: What impact did written language have on communication?

In every language, the medium of writing differs from spoken word. As a result, written language has its own set of rules and flow. In fact, when people write exactly as they speak, it tends to read in an awkward and confusing manner. Prior to written language, people had to rely on spoken work to communicate with others. However, when written language appeared in ancient cultures, it allowed them to have another platform to communicate with each other.

Before written language became a well established form of communication, some ancient cultures had to rely on oral tradition to preserve stories, events, and records. In order to be passed down through the generations, people would memorize the details of a story and then retell it with their own spin. Therefore, the tale differed from each storyteller and the author's original vision was often lost. One of my previous clusters, World Literature, also discussed the epic poems of Homer, such as The Odyssey. According to Communication in History, "the epic poems of Homer provide a unique opportunity to compare the oral and the written forms of language" (Crowley 44). When reading and writing became prevalent, extreme memorization was no longer necessary and the author's original story could be shared with the public. It also shows how the written and oral version varies in each form.  

Works Cited

Crowley, David, and Paul Heyer. Communication in History: Technology, Culture, Society. Boston: Ally & Bacon, 2011. Print.

The Importance on Mass Communication: What is Mass Communication?

Mass Communication "involves the use of print or electronic media, such as newspapers, magazines, film, radio, or television to communicate to large numbers of people who are located in various places-often scattered all over the country or world" (Berger 12). Moreover, mass communication is how people or organizations communicate their ideas through various mediums that are able to reach a number of people. Mass communication and mass media everyday life affects our everyday lives. Everyone in today's society receives information from some type of mass media. Mass communication mediums make it possible to stay informed about what's going on in the world. Most people have become so reliant on getting their news from these mediums. I know it would be impossible for me to go even one day without watching television or using a computer to catch up on current events. In fact, I would feel very disconnected. Furthermore, advertisers and companies utilize mass communication mediums to influence consumer decisions. From the moment you wake up, companies are desperately trying to persuade you to buy their product. Whether it is an ad on the sidebar of Facebook to the billboard on the road, advertisers spend big bucks to get your attention.

 Works Cited

Berger, Arthur Asa. Essentials of Mass Communication Theory. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, 1995. Print.

The Feel of a Touch Screen Versus Paper: "Will New Technologies like eBooks replace print books? Why or Why Not?"

Thanks to the growing popularity of mobile wireless devices, I think eBooks will begin to replace print book over the next several years. However, several factors must occur before new technologies replace print books. For example, the price of devices like the iPad must go down in order to make reading eBooks affordable to more people. Frankly, anything you can read an eBook on costs a small fortune. Furthermore, I would prefer to take $9.99 book to the beach rather than the pricey device that runs the risk of getting ruined by the elements. Second, I personally like having the physical object of a book on display in my house. In fact when I bought my house, I was thrilled that it contained a built-in bookshelf in the living room. It gives my visitors insight into my interests and make fabulous conversation pieces.

While both mediums have pros and cons, eBooks eventually will begin to dominate because of their accessibility, convenience, and space advantages. Even though my preference leans towards print, it is inevitable that that eBooks are the wave of the future. In today's society, most people have a device and access to wireless technology that can be accessed practically anywhere. Instead of driving to a bookstore or library, a large number of books are available via devices like the Nook or iPad. In addition, not having to lug around all the necessary books are an added advantage as well. Finally, if space is an issue and you have a love of reading, your house will not be overwhelmed by the numerous pieces of literature.  

The Ethical Questions Raised in Rashomon: What is the Rashomon Phenomenon? Which of the Interpretations Discussed in the Text Do You Find Most Intriguing and Why?

According to Essentials of Mass Communication Theory, the Rashomon Phenomenon explores if, "we can know reality and the truth about it" (Berger 27). Moreover, it addresses the conundrum that if how everyone interprets facts differently, then what can be considered the truth. The film, Rashomon, perfectly illustrates this dilemma. In the film, a murder occurs, but all of the characters involved recalled the event drastically varied with only several elements remaining the same. During the trial, all of the parties involved try to persuade the court that their version of the story is the truth. Even though the stories differ incredibly, several facts remain the same. First, Tajomaru, the bandit, spots Masago and her husband Takehiro, a samurai, riding through the woods. Second, his lust of Masago drives Tajomaru to trick Tajomaru by offering him cheap swords and then tie him up. Third, Tajomaru and Masago have sex. Whether Masago is a willing participant or raped varies depending on the storyteller. Fourth, Tajomaru winds up dead in the woods. The events leading up to his death and the person responsible also vary in each story. The filmmaker never reveals which story is the truth and leaves it up to the audience to determine who they feel was telling the truth based on the fact presented.

While reading the chapter, I went through the various interpretations and analysis of the film. However,

I found the ethical interpretation of Rashomon to be he most intriguing. Each character in the film faces a moral dilemma and their actions show what kind of person they truly are. For example, even though the woodsman stole the pearl dagger from Tajomaru's dead body, his intention was not greed for himself, but as an opportunity feed his large family. While stealing is wrong, he attempts to redeem himself by taking in the abandoned baby. Based on what the woodsman saw in the grove, none of the characters involved in the murder made dishonorable decisions. As a result, he was able to justify stealing from corrupt people. While it was an ethical predicament, he choose not to reveal the whole story to the court in order to better his own family.

Berger, Arthur Asa. Essentials of Mass Communication Theory. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, 1995. Print.

Dumb and Smart Communication: "Explain the Differences Between One-Way and Two-Way Communication and Why Two-Way Communication is Important for the New Communications Network?"

For many decades, mass media has existed primarily as form of one-way communication. Many forms of media, such as television and books, only sent out their message through their selected channel. Then, the receivers or audience passively consumed the content. According to Media/Impact, one-way communication can also be referred to as "dumb communication" (Biagi 19). This is due to the fact that the senders had all the control and limited interactions with the receiver. Also, he receiver is not able to offer any immediate feedback to the sender. For example, when someone goes to the movie theater, they are only able to select from the available film listings. In addition, the receiver is only able to watch the film and not directly contribute to the content.

However, in recent years many forms of mass media has evolved into two-way communication due to advancements in digital technology. Two-way communication or "smart communication" involves the sender and receiver being able to communicate directly and immediately with each other (Biagi 19). The receiver is no longer just passive; they have more power to influence and personalize the sender's content through feedback and interactivity. For example, the receiver has the choice to "like" a company on Facebook, which allows them to receive promotional information and gives them a platform for voice their opinions.

Two-way communication is essential in the new communications network due to the fact it is becoming the preferred form of communication of consumers around the world. Thanks to wireless technology, people expect to deal to receive personalized content immediately and have a direct connection with the sender or company. In order to remain profitable, companies need to embrace the technology that allows two-way communication possible.

Biagi, Shirley. Media/impact: An Introduction to Mass Media. Boston, MA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2010. Print.

The History of Media: "Why Should We Study the Media of Early Civilizations?"

Although technology is rapidly changing our current society, it's important to look back at the media that helped us arrive at this point. From the earliest paleolithic symbols to a post on Facebook, media is the way that ideas and knowledge are shared between the masses. By examining the effect that media had in early civilizations, it can help us understand the historical significance that communication plays in shaping cultural norms, recording events, and forming the structure of society. In fact, the medium of reading and writing was responsible for revolutions in many ancient empires, particularly in Egypt thanks to the shift of writing on stone to papyrus (Crowley 14). When ancient media evolved to more accessible forms, it allowed people to become enlightened and knowledgeable, which also gave them more power. In today's society, the internet and wireless technology has also caused somewhat of a revolution. Now more than ever, information in readily available to large groups of people and as a result it is changing our civilization. Therefore, by studying media in ancient empires, we can gain insight on how advances in communication mediums impact society. It's odd to compare an Nook to papyrus, but both convey the ideas of their times and shape their culture.

Crowley, David, and Paul Heyer. Communication in History: Technology, Culture, Society. Boston: Ally & Bacon, 2011. Print.

The Significance of Rashomon: "Why Do We Watch Rashomon in a Communications Class ?"

Prior to my pursuing my current major in Corporate Communications, I had intended to get a Bachelor's degree in Cinema. Moreover, I used to have the grandiose dream of becoming a successful film director. After deciding it was an unattainable and expensive aspiration to chase, especially if I intended to stay here in Saint Louis, I changed my career path to something I was just as interested in. The role that communication, marketing, and public relations play in the corporate world is also very fascinating to me. Therefore, I was particularly thrilled to learn that I would be watching and analyzing films relevant to the study of communications in the Foundation Studies cluster. It's like having the best of both worlds in one class.

While attending Southern Illinois University Carbondale, I took several film classes and Rashomon and its director were frequently discussed. Despite all of the acclaim, I had honestly not watched the film before this class. Furthermore, I knew the film has cinematic significance, but did not realize the how much its plot relates to the study of communication. After watching the movie, I can see why it is an excellent film to show in a communications class. According to Media/Impact, "communication is the act of sending messages, ideas and opinions from one person to another" (Biagi 8). However, as illustrated in the film, Rashomon, no one interprets a message or even the truth the exact same way. The film explores how each character recalls the events leading up to the murder differently due to their motives and backgrounds. As a result, the film drives home the point that communication is subjective. Additionally, in any form of communication, the sender must decide on the how to portray the message and how it will be received by the audience. For example, the woodman left out the fact that he stole the dagger because he did not want the other men to get the wrong idea about him. In fact, the movie had such an impact on the study of communication that it has a theory named after it which will be discussed in a later blog.  

Works Cited

Biagi, Shirley. Media/impact: An Introduction to Mass Media. Boston, MA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2010. Print.